Permaculture

Permaculture uses landforms, mulch, and layered plantings to create a gardening environment that uses little supplemental water. An added bonus is that properly mulched permaculture rarely has enough weeds to complain about. Permaculture can be used in designing vegetable and herb gardens or for complete ornamental landscape designs.

Here is a little snapshot on how the elements of permaculture work in the garden and landscape:


Landforms

Permaculture often depends on berms and swells to best utilize and conserve water. Plants are placed according to their needs for drainage or moisture and the type of wind and sun exposure they prefer. By utilizing berms and swells any irrigation water is utilized twice. Once as it is applied to the top of the berm. And again as that water migrates down through the berm to the lower levels. Berms and swells also discourage run off and concentrate moisture in the low areas. Carefully designed berms and swells are very efficient at water and soil conservation.


Mulch

Many permaculture landscapes are heavily mulched. The bottom layer of the mulch is often a few inches of cardboard or newspaper, or even both. This is often topped with several inches of straw or woodchips, and occasionally the whole is covered with weed cloth and then a decorative mulch. The mulch is refreshed several times a year. All this mulch is effective at reducing plant heat stress, conserving moisture, feeding worms and soil micro-organisms.


Layered Plantings

In permaculture gardens and landscapes you will often find 3 or 4 distinct vegetative layers. These are designed to reduce heat stress to the plants (and people) and also to reduce moisture evaporation from the soil. Here is a little snap shot of what that might look like: In the garden – Canopy Layer; fruit and nut trees trained to develop open crowns. Under story; shorter fruit bearing shrubs and arbored vines. Ground level; seasonal annual or perennial vegetables, often grown in filtered or partial shade. In the landscape- Canopy level; tall open crowned spreading trees, Under story; mid sized trees for color, fruit or other interest. Sub story: shorter trees or shrubs for variety, fruit, or color. Ground level - low-growing, often shade loving plants.

Between the landforms, mulch, and layered plantings permaculture gardens and landscapes are extremely water efficient. Once established they are very low maintenance and fit into a busy life with ease. However, these are not gardens that are born in a day. Study and experimentation are necessary before jumping into the planning stage. For more information see: http://www.permacultureactivist.net/ Or ask your local librarian or bookstore to recommend some books. One title you might find useful is Permaculture in a NutShell, by Patrick Whitfield, Permanent Publications, (June 1993)

That's all for now - see you back here in a few days . . .


Sponsors? I am starting to notice lots of sites picking up my posts . . . I wonder if it is too soon to be thinking of sponsors? If you would care to advertise on my blog contact me by e-mail. I am going to be very picky about the companies I choose for sponsors. Harvest – harvest95546@yahoo.com

Let Worms do Your Work!

The lowly earthworm is really a knight in shinning armor when it comes to garden soil. They tirelessly work to improve water retention and drainage, decrease run off and erosion, aerate the soil, and improve tilth and structure. They also increase nitrogen and the bio-availability of other plant nutrients. They do all this for free and with very little help. All they ask is a safe place to live and plenty of organic matter. You can encourage worms in your garden and let them work for you. Here’s how:


Throw away your rotor-tiller:

I know this might sound sacrilegious to many gardeners, but tillers kill worms. And worms turn soil. While you are out there tilling that soil – risking injury, straining your back, and burning up expensive fossil fuel, you are killing the very creatures that will do the work for you, for free. Tilling soil encourages erosion, topsoil loss through oxidation; and the formation of hard pans. While you are loosening the top layers of the soil by tilling, you are also compacting the subsoil. Repeated tilling on the same plots eventually causes the subsoil to become impervious to water and roots. Worms on the other hand will gradually loosen and aerate all levels of the soil, recycling nutrients that have leached into the subsoil back into plants active root zones.

OK, you ask, if I can’t use my tiller, what do I do? There are many options available to home gardeners. These methods generally involve mulching with plenty of organic matter, or building raised beds. “No Till Gardening” was first made famous in 1959 by Ruth Stout in her book How to Have a Green Thumb Without an Aching Back. Fortunately for us, there is a new edition: Gardening Without Work: For the Aging, the Busy, and the Indolent, published by Lyon Press (1998). A more scientific look at no till gardening can be found in Weedless Gardening, by Lee Reich, published by Workman Publishing (2001).

Feed the Worms:

Worms like organic matter, and plenty of it. They are living creatures; they need to eat. They don’t actually live on dirt, however they do ingest plenty of common garden soil. That soil is used as grit in their digestive process, which also involves beneficial bacteria. (These bacteria fix nitrogen, improving your soil for free!) What fuels a worms metabolism is the organic matter that we burry, mix in to the soil, or use for mulch. As that organic matter begins to decompose worms work their magic.

Worms prefer freshly decomposing organic matter. That organic matter gets mixed with the grit from garden soil, beneficial bacteria, and, well, worm slime inside the worm’s gut. The worm extracts its energy and nutrition and out the other end comes what is referred to as “worm castings.” Lots of research has been done on this substance. Worm castings are high in nitrogen and nitrogen fixing bacteria, which continue to improve the soil after they have been cast. Their digestive process reduces or eliminates harmful bacteria and soil born disease organisms. The castings are also a unique chemically bound composition of mineral soil, worm slime, and organic matter. They have very beneficial effects on plant health and nutrition.

Worms deposit their castings through out the soil and at the soil surface as they go about their business tunneling and searching for food. I find that by the end of summer, any organic matter that I buried in spring has become pure worm castings. When I make my fall planting holes I use those worm castings to top dress my garden. Then I burry more organic matter for the hungry worms and plant broccoli or kale for my own dinner. Fall buried organic matter is usually not completely devoured until the following fall, but the spot can be used in summer by tucking in your plants and providing them with plenty of mulch.

"There is an entire ecosystem in a handful of soil: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms.  Through their breeding and dying such creatures vivify the world."   Fred Bahnson, Soil and Sacrament.

Worms, worms, where are the worms?

If you don’t find several worms when sifting through a shovel full of your garden soil, you may want to purchase some to supplement those that may be hiding. The red wigglers and night crawlers available for use as fishing bait make a dynamic garden duo.

Red wigglers work the top few inches of soil, and will happily consume manure, decomposing mulch, and other organic tidbits. When temperatures turn hot, they will burrow deeper into the ground. If you have buried organic matter down where the soil stays cool, they will thrive through the summer months.

Night crawlers, when well fed, can grow to tremendous proportions. They form semi-permanent burrows and feed at the surface and on buried organic matter. They will also pull grass cuttings used as mulch down into their burrows adding more organic matter to your soil.

Between the two squiggly creatures your soil will be thoroughly cared for. Just make sure you have a shady spot with good drainage and plenty of organic matter before you hire them on. They will multiply and spread through out your garden with very little effort on your part.


More Benefits:

Besides saving your back, and improving plant nutrition, worms benefit the soil in many ways. The very slime that glues the organic matter to the mineral soil in worm castings prevents erosion and top soil loss. This glue reduces the ability of the soil to dissolve in water and get washed away by normal irrigation. The granular nature of the castings reduces the soils tendency to turn to dust and get blown away. The physical structure of the castings also benefits plant roots. Worm castings resist compaction (unless you work at it). The spaces between the castings provide room for air and moisture in the soil. And the loose structure of the castings are easily colonized by plant roots.

Worms are wonderful. They improve the soil both nutritionally and structurally. If we let them, they reduce the work of gardening immensely. They are out there right now, waiting to go to work for you.
More info:

For more information see the following articles from my blog:
A Simple Garden Routine - useful for bad backs, no time, short budgets – this article tells in detail exactly how to garden for and with the worms.

If you missed the article on organic matter, Nurture Your Soil for Free, you can read it here: http://harvestsgardeningsecrets.blogspot.com/2006/05/nurture-your-soil-for-free.html

You can also use the search function in the upper left corner of this blog to find more information on worms, soil, and organic matter: http://harvestsgardeningsecrets.blogspot.com/

For the low down on the research related to worms and gardens check out this site:
http://mypeoplepc.com/members/arbra/bbb/id19.html




Copyright 2006 Harvest McCampbell, from my column "Digging the Dirt," published in The Hoopa Valley People Newspaper, June 20, 2006. Posted here with permission.


Updated with a book quote and minor editing on 11/17.16.  Text and photo copyright Harvest McCampbell.  Please feel free to use the buttons below to share.  All other rights reserved.